Urban Slums and the Affordable Housing Crisis in Indian Cities

Abstract

The rapid pace of urbanization in India has led to a severe housing crisis, with millions of people living in slums under precarious conditions. This research paper explores the relationship between urban growth, rural-to-urban migration, and the proliferation of slums. It reviews literature on urban poverty, slum conditions, and housing shortages, while also analyzing socio-economic challenges faced by slum dwellers in terms of access to water, sanitation, health, education, and employment. The paper critically examines government initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), and the Smart Cities Mission to evaluate their success and shortcomings. Case studies from Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Bengaluru illustrate the depth of the housing crisis. The study concludes with policy recommendations, emphasizing inclusive planning, participatory governance, and innovative financing models to ensure sustainable and affordable housing solutions for India’s urban poor.